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Akinsola, M.K., & Odeyemi, E. O. (2014). Effects of mnemonic and prior knowledge instructional strategies on students’ achievement in mathematics. International Journal of Education and Research, 2 (7), 1-14.

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Al- Khalwaldeh, M.A., & Al-Khasawneh, F.M. (2019). The effect of mnemonic keyword strategy instruction on vocabulary retention of students with learning disabilities. International Journal of English Linguistics / Archives, 9(4), 21-32.

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Amadi, E.A., & Offorma, G. (2019). Effects of two phonics instructional modes on English as second language learners’ achievement in reading. ResearchGate. DOI: 10.22158/selt. v7n2p236

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Ballhysa, N. & Flagler, M. (2011). A Teachers’ Perspective of Inclusive Education for Students With Special Needs in a Model Demonstration Project. Academicus International Scientific Journal, 3, 121-133.

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Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661 DOI:

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Cioca, L., & Nerisanu, R.A. (2020). Enhancing creativity: using visual mnemonic devices in the teaching process in order to develop creativity in students. Sustainability, 12(5), 1985;

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Critchfield, T.S., & Miller, J.R. (2017). Editorial: Are theories of reinforcement necessary? Behavior Analyst, 40, 11-16 httpd://doi.org/10.1007/s4061-017-0113-x

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de Vocht, F., Katikireddi, S. V., McQuire, C., Tilling, K., Hickman, M., & Craig, P. (2021). Conceptualizing natural and quasi experiments in public health. Bio Med Central medical research methodology, 21, 1-8.

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Dean, J., Pascoe, M., & le Roux, J. (2021). Information and communication technology reading interventions: A scoping review. Reading and Writing- Journal of the Reading Association of South Africa, 12(1), 1-10.

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Dwarika, V.M. (2019). Positive behavior support in South African Foundation Phase Classrooms: Teacher Reflections. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 9(1), 1-10.

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Fasih, P., Izadpanah, S., & Shanahvaz, A. (2018). The effect of mnemonic vocabulary instruction on reading comprehension of students. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 7(3), 49-59.

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Fatima, R.S. (2020). The effectiveness of mnemonic technique to improve students’ English vocabulary at the eighth Grade of SMP Negeri 6 Parepare. http://repository.iainpare.ac.id/1449/

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Handley, M.A., Lyles, C.R., McCulloch, C., & Cattamanchi, A. (2018). Selecting and improving quasi-experimental designs in effectiveness and implementation research. Annual Review Public Health 39: 5-25. Doi:

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Iwahori, M., Oshiyama, C., & Matsuzaki, H. (2022). A quasi-experimental controlled study of a school-based mental health program to improve the self-esteem of primary school children. Humanities Social Sciences Community, 9, 148-157.

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Jurowski, K., Jurowska, A., & Krzeczkowska, M. (2015). Comprehensive Review of mnemonic devices and their applications: State of the art. International e-Journal of Science, Medicine, and Education, 9(3),4-9. URl: http://iejsme.imu.edu.my/open access/c1428205512707

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Lubin, J., & Polloway, E.A. (2016). Mnemonic instruction in science and social studies for students with learning problems: A review. Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal, 14 (2), 207-224.

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Mahdi, H.S., & Gubeily, M.A.I. (2018). The effect of using bizarre images as mnemonics to enhance vocabulary learning. Journal of Social Studies, 24(1),113-135.

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Makau, P.M., Muola, J.M., & Amukowa, W. (2019). Appropriateness of mnemonic techniques on mathematics and social studies learning outco mes in public primary school in Machakos Sub-County, Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 9, 990-999.http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS

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Marthila, L. (2020). The effectiveness of using mnemonic technique in teaching vocabulary mastery at the first semester of the seventh grade of the SMP N 2 Baradat in the academic year of 2019/2020 (Doctoral dissertation, UIN Raden Intan Lampung).

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Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97.

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Othman, W., Mohammed, O., & Kayode, B.K. (2019). Investigating the impact of mnemonic-based instructions on Saudi University students’ attitudes towards vocabulary learning. International Journal of English Language Education, 7(2),13-10. DOI:

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Overskeid, G. (2018). Do we need the environment to explain operant behavior? Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 302037. DOI:

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Siegel, L. (2017). The effectiveness of the mnemonic keyword strategy on math vocabulary learning for students with learning disabilities. Thesis, MA Special Education, Rowan University.

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Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Appleton-Century-Crofts.

https://doi.org/10.1037/11256-000 Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th edition). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon

Unstructured Citation

Whitescarver, E.L. (2018). Effect of mnemonics on the vocabulary acquisition and retention of high school students with learning disabilities [Theses and Dissertations, Rowan University.